Research Paper on Spanish-American War Essay Example

Research Paper on Spanish-American War Essay Spanish-American War Research Paper By the second half of the 19th century the United States declared its sovereignty and became the independent state. The United States were constituted on a strong ideological basis. The prevailing national idea was the aspiration to freedom and the new democratic values. The people of the United States realized their mission to spread the ideals of freedom beyond the boundaries. In 1840’s the leaders and politicians introduced the new term, Manifest Destiny (Manifest Destiny). This term explained and approved the expansion of the American ideals of freedom to the West. The country developed rapidly and there was real need to expand its territory. There were some reasons for such expansion. First of all the land was the indication of wealth for the colonists. There was a high growth of population in the country. The country passed two depressions, in 1818 and 1839. The frontier lands were cheap or even free. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Spanish-American War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Spanish-American War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Spanish-American War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The 19th century was the century of reshaping the political map of the world. Spain which used to the superpower was loosing its world domination. By the second half of the 19th century Spain had its possessions only in the Pacific, Africa, and the West Indies. Much of the empire had gained its independence and the areas remaining under the Spanish influence were about to demand their independence. Now and then there were revolts in Cuba and the Philippines and the Spanish government had neither financial resources nor appropriate manpower to coup with the numerous revolts against the Spanish rule. The Spanish government found the best solution to build the concentration camps in Cuba for rebels. Faced with defeat, and a lack of money and resources to continue fighting Spanish occupation, Cuban revolutionary and future president Tomas Estrada Palma secured $150 million dollars from a U.S. banker to purchase Cuba’s independence, but Spain refused. He then deftly negotiated and propagandized his cause in the U.S. Congress, eventually securing the bill for U.S. intervention (Wikipedia). On February 15, 1898, the American battleship USS Maine in Havana harbor suffered an explosion and quickly sank with a loss of 266 men. There was no any distinct proved evidence as for the cause of explosion, but the American press declared it was the act of sabotage of the Spaniards. There were suspicions that there was really an act of sabotage but committed by the Cuban revolutionists to involve the United States into the war with the Spaniards in order to liberate Cuba. So, the formal reason for the war between the United States and Spain was doubtful and unclear. The economic background of the US – Spanish war was expressed by Senator John M. Thurston of Nebraska: â€Å"War with Spain would increase the business and earnings of every American railroad, it would increase the output of every American factory, it would stimulate every branch of industry and domestic commerce.†(Wikipedia). U.S. President William McKinley was not a supporter of the war with Spain, but the explosion of Maine and public opinion created by the press forced him to agree with the decision of starting the war. On April 25, Congress declared that a state of war between the United States and Spain had existed since April 21st (Congress later passed a resolution backdating the declaration of war to April 20th). Thus, the formal reason of the war was suspicions of the Spanish sabotage of the US military vessel. The real reason of the war had an economic background. The official aim of the United States was to liberate Cuba from the Spanish domination. These 3 factors constituted the background of the Spanish war. The US – Spanish war was full of controversies. Though the formal cause of the war was the liberation of Cuba from the Spanish rule, the real reason was the expansionism policy of the United States in the Caribbean. The history of the US – Puerto – Rican relations during the war and after it is the vivid example of the controversial position of the United States in the US – Spanish war. Located at the north east of the Caribbean Sea, Puerto Rico was a key to the Spanish Empire since the early years of conquest and colonization of the New World (Marisabel Bras). Of all Spanish colonial possessions in the Americas, Puerto Rico is the only territory that never gained its independence. Internal and geopolitical dynamics during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, nevertheless, brought dramatic political, social, and economic changes to the island, setting the stage for the development of its national institutions and the transformation of its political system as a United States territory during the twentieth century. During the early 1860s, local Spanish authorities, alarmed by conspiracies from separatist groups, applied severe measures against all acts of dissidence on the island. Freedom of the press was non-existent, and group discussions were monitored by the government. The island was ruled by â€Å"leyes especiales†; extraordinary decrees dictated by the Captain Generals, or governors, appointed by Spain. The establishment of liberal government in Spain between 1869 and 1873 led to granting certain rights to Puerto Ricans. Puerto Rico even got its representation to the Spanish Cortes and self governance from Spain. This period of the short-lived self-government experiment came to an abrupt end one month later with the advent of the Spanish-American War. â€Å"Liberating† Caribbean from the Spanish rule the United States realized the significance of its domination over Puerto – Rico. The island’s value to US policy makers was as an outlet for excess manufactured goods, as well as a key naval station in the Caribbean. The Treaty of Paris gave the United States full control over all former Spanish military installations as well as some 120,000 acres of land formerly owned by the Spanish Crown on the island. The main military posts were located in the capital city of San Juan along with military bases in the towns of Cayey, Aibonito, Ponce, Mayaguez, Aguadilla and the adjacent island of Vieques. Puerto Rico remained under direct control of US military forces until the US Congress ratified the Foraker Law on April 12th, 1900, bringing a civilian government to the island (Marisabel Bras). The US occupation of Costa Rica followed by the long term its annexation is one of the main controversies of the US – Spain war, a controversy between the formal cause, liberating Cuba and the real dominative objective in the Caribbean. At 2.34 am GMT and 5.34 am Baghdad Time on 20th March 2003 (9.34 pm EST on 19th March 2003), the armed forces of the United States of America (â€Å"the USA†) and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (â€Å"the UK†) commenced warlike operations against the Republic of Iraq (â€Å"Iraq†) with air and missile strikes against â€Å"targets of opportunity† in Baghdad. Those strikes were eventually followed up by a ground invasion of Iraq, the overthrow of the Iraqi government and the occupation of Iraq (Legality of the Iraq war). The war in Iraq was a part of anti-terrorist operation commenced by the United States after the cruelest terror act ever committed in the history of mankind which got its name â€Å"9/11†. The terrorism became the plague of the present. Though the advocates of the theory of state by Hobbes consider the war to be the natural state of a man, i.e. a state of war is typical for a human being, a war should at least be accompanied by a certain procedures to make it legal if â€Å"legality of war† is applicable in general terms. First of all if we compare both war conflicts in the history of the United States we understand one similar feature. There are economic reasons in the essence of both conflicts. In the case of the Spanish war it was cited by the words of Senator John M. Thurston of Nebraska above. In order to understand the reasons and backgrounds of both wars it is necessary to realize the global political situation preceding both wars. The second half of the 20th century was marked by the Cold War, a strong confrontation of two superpowers, USSR and the United States. That confrontation sometimes approached the military conflict in its development. The thesis â€Å"what is bad for my opponent is good for me† was used throughout this confrontation by both opposing sides. The post-World War II history of relations of the United States and the USSR was the history of the superpowers confrontation. Several times world was under the threat of the global nuclear catastrophe. When the USSR started its aggression in Afghanistan the United States supported the Anti – Soviet regime in Afghanistan. After the collapse of the USSR the usual permanent threat for the United States from the â€Å"Empire of Evil† disappeared but there were a number of groups and regimes provided with the modern arms and technologies by the superpowers. These regimes and groups created their activity on the basis of terrorism, neglecting the norms of the international laws and headed by the irresponsible arms race. Afghan, Iraq and other regimes were among them. The 9/11 became a milestone in the history of global security. It created the distinct borderline between two epochs, an era of military support of â€Å"enemies of my opponent† and the era of realizing that the terrorism regime does care who his enemy is, the most important is the presence of such enemy or if he is absent he should be nominated. The international community got the new global threat but it was not ready to coup with it from the military, political and legal points of view. The formal reasons of both wars where unclear and unjustified. There was neither proved evidences of attack of Maine by the Spaniards no possession of the mass destruction weapon by Saddam Hussein. Spanish war spread beyond Cuba involving a number of countries into it. One of them was Puerto Rico. During May 1898, Lt. Henry H. Whitney of the United States Fourth Artillery was sent to Puerto Rico on a reconnaissance mission, sponsored by the Army’s Bureau of Military Intelligence. He provided maps and information on the Spanish military forces to the U.S. government prior to the invasion. On May 10, 1898, U.S. Navy ships were sighted off the coast of Puerto Rico. Spanish gunners stationed at Fort San Cristobal fired the first shot (a 15-cm breech loaded Ordonez rifle round), missing the USS Yale, an auxiliary ship under the command of Capt. William Clinton Wise. Two days later on May 12, a squadron of 12 U.S. ships commanded by Rear Adm. William T. Sampson bombarded San Juan, Puerto Rico. During the bombardment, many buildings were shelled, terrifying the population of San Juan. On June 25, the Yosemite blocked San Juan harbor. On July 18, General Nelson A. Miles, commander of the invading forces, received orders to sail for Puerto Rico to land his troops. On July 21, a convoy of 3,300 soldiers and nine transports escorted by the USS Massachusetts sailed for Puerto Rico from Guantanamo, Cuba. On July 25, U.S. troops landed at Guanica, Puerto Rico and took over the island with little resistance (Wikipedia). The result of the Spanish war was the United States gained all former colonies of Spain in the Caribbean and Cuba was granted formal independence but this independence was formal and there were a lot of restrictions imposed by the United States. The results of the Spanish war proved the economic basis of the war. The Spanish – American war opened the expansionism policy of the United States. It created very dangerous precedent the consequences of which present nowadays. It showed that the territorial expansion may be done by the war means, the economic goals could be gained by the military conflicts. â€Å"Congress had passed a resolution in favor of Cuban independence before the war started. When the war ended, Congress debated reneging on this promise, but eventually agreed to Cuban independence. However, the Senate passed the Platt Amendment as a rider to an Army appropriations bill, forcing a peace treaty on Cuba which severely curtailed its freedom of action in foreign affairs and allowed the United States considerable freedom to intervene in Cuban affairs. It also provided for the establishment of a permanent American naval base in Cuba, which would lead to the establishment of the base still in use today at Guantanamo Bay. The Cuban peace treaty of 1903 would govern Cuban-American relations until 1934.† (Wikipedia) The United States annexed the former Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam. Thus the United States became the imperial power with the foreign colonies. It contradicted to the very essence of the United States and its declarations on the independence and democracy. This caused strong opposition inside the country on one hand but it also gained the support of a part of a population heated by the slogans on the pride and the self esteem of a nation. One more very important effect of the American – Spanish war was that it united the nation, the South and the North of the United States. The common enemy made both parties, which had been involved into the Civil War, forget their antagonisms. The annexation of Puerto Rico has been going on up to now. The liberation of Cuba being the major reason of the Spanish war led to the annexation of Puerto Rico and this could not meet an approval of Puerto Rico people. Ramon Emeterio Betances wrote â€Å"I do not want us to be a colony, neither a colony of Spain nor a colony of the United States.† (Wikipedia). On the other hand the Puerto Ricans being the residents of the United States Commonwealth voted to reject the complete independence, but still they are exempt from Federal income tax and other provisions of Federal regulation. One of the lessons of the Spanish war for the United States was the United States at the end of the nineteenth century recognized that its military forces had faced serious organizational, logistical, and medical challenges in that conflict. The war clearly pointed to a need for military reform in the United States, and in its aftermath Congress enacted some critical reform legislation (Hendricks, Charles). Similar lesson was obtained during the Iraq war or the anti-terrorist operation in Iraq. The events of 9/11 made all countries, and the United States in first turn realize a new global threat, a threat of terrorism. The United States of America happened to be unprepared to this new threat. The 9/11 attacks showed that the police methods of preventing the threat of terrorism were insufficient. The terrorists have necessary finance, contacts, and combatants to commit actions which according to their tragic consequence may be compared with those of the military war or operations. The response to those cruel attacks against civilians should have been done by all means. The only question arises on the adequacy of these responses. On the other hand, after finishing the Cold War the problem of proliferation the weapon of mass destruction became of the high importance for the former opponents, the United States and the ex-USSR. Both parties are not interested in the mass destruction weapon proliferation. The main reason of such change is the change of political priorities and inability to control the regimes which would have an access to nuclear or any other mass destructive weapon. On the other hand the attacks 9/11 indicated that the threat does exist and there is no guarantee that the world is safe if terrorists would have the mass destruction weapon. On the other hand, terrorists are not associated with any country directly and the problems of national security which deterred the arms race and the use of weapon do not exist for the terrorists. The terroristsâ €™ organizations may get the nuclear weapon and support from the existing regimes. That means that adequate measures should be taken against the regimes which support terrorists. The next very important question is the legitimacy of such actions from the point of view of the international law. The next question which is no less important than the previous one is if terrorists associated with some particular country, i.e. with its rulers, how legal are the military actions against the entire country. All these questions are similar to those which were on the eve of the American – Spanish War. In the first case there was an attack on Maine, and then the military actions as a response and America annexed some territories, namely Costa Rica as a result. The Iraq war may be considered as the repetition of the historic scenario occurred long ago which led to the war with Spain. The Iraq war is the first war in the history of mankind objected to mass destruction weapon deterrence. The logic of this war is rather controversial. If we link Iraq to 9/11 attacks, as it was done by the Bush Administration, then there is no logic in the war at all. If Hussein had something common with Al-Qaeda and possessed the Weapon of mass destruction, the question is why he did not use his weapon or provide Al-Qaeda with his weapon to commit attacks on the United States. Hussein could not under evaluate the response of the United States no matter what kind of weapon was used. The mass destruction weapon and terrorist attack would cause the similar reaction of the United States. Another question is no less important and maybe even more is the question of the Iraq war legality. The United States assumed the possibility of the preventive wars. If the preventive wars are considered to be legal then what is the legality of such wars. What criteria should define when the war is the only one possible action aimed to prevent the proliferation of the mass destruction weapon? Three types of legislation are involved into the issue of Iraq war and these legislations at least have to answer the question on conformity of the war commencement to the laws. The United States made its best to involve its allies to Iraq war to make it some kind of lawful. The Great Britain entered the war in alliance with the United States. According to the UK legislation, the UK constitutional settlement, a decision to declare war or to commit the armed forces of the Crown to warlike operations is a matter of the Royal will (â€Å"the Royal Prerogative†). In the case of the Iraq, Parliament was asked to authorize the invasion of Iraq by resolution, and the Public Administration Committee of the House of Commons is now looking at ways to develop a new mechanism by which certain categories of Prerogative powers, such as that of going to war may, only be exercised with the consent of Parliament (Legality of the Iraq War). Though the United States acquired the support and assistance of its allies, one of them, the Great Britain acted contradicting its national legislation while joining the United States in Iraq campaign, i.e. illegally. The leaders of the two belligerent powers, the United States of America and the United Kingdom put forward rather different justifications for the invasion of Iraq before the invasion and, since the invasion, as pretexts advanced at the time have proved unjustified, they have shifted their ground. The Bush pretexts for the invasion of Iraq were: that Saddam Hussein’s regime had links to the Al Quai’da terrorists who were responsible for the 11th September 2001 twin towers atrocity in New York; that the Saddam Hussein regime possessed Weapons of Mass Destruction which could fall into terrorist hands; The Blair pretext was limited to the second Bush pretext. Blair acknowledged right from the start that there were no substantiated links between Saddam Hussein and Al Quai’da. In fact Blair’s real reason for joining Bush’s war was his personal belief that the United Kingdom must always support the United States of America in any war (Legality of the Iraq War). The position of the United Nations towards the war conflict in Iraq was expressed by Secretary General Koffi Anand. â€Å"The United Nations secretary general, Kofi Annan, declared explicitly for the first time last night that the US-led war on Iraq was illegal. Mr Annan said that the invasion was not sanctioned by the UN Security Council or in accordance with the UN’s founding charter. In an interview with the BBC World Service broadcast last night, he was asked outright if the war was illegal. He replied: â€Å"Yes, if you wish.† He then added unequivocally: â€Å"I have indicated it was not in conformity with the UN charter. From our point of view and from the charter point of view it was illegal.†( Legality of the Iraq War). The results of the invasion to Iraq are known very well. The United States and its allies failed to find any evidence of the weapon of mass destruction. At the same time it is worth noting that the United States is the only Western democracy which did not sign the international treaties banning antipersonnel landmines and prohibiting the use of incendiary weapons such as napalm and white phosphorus in areas, including cities, where civilians are at risk (The Guardian). After the United States and its allies fail to find what they were supposed to, the new motto appeared; the motto â€Å"to liberate people of Iraq from Saddam†. Such reason can cause nothing but confusion. What is the legal basis of removal of the president of the independent country by means of force? It is unlikely that any existing legislation could find any legal provision for doing it. On the other hand the world community needs to acquire some legal basis to coup with the global terrorism. The Iraq war showed both legal and political collisions. On one hand if assumed that Hussein was the initiator of 9/11 attacks then he needs to be prosecuted by some international tribunal but not by the court in Iraq, a country president of which he was. Hussein as any other political leader had his supporters and opponents in Iraq that is why he could not count on the fair court process from the very beginning. The similarity of the Spanish war and that in Iraq though are not so clear, still could be found. The Spanish war was aimed to expand the American influence in Caribbean; the United States joined the â€Å"club† of colonial owners as a result of the war. The Iraq War is the attempt to legalize the theory of the â€Å"preventive war†. This theory is very dangerous because the limit of â€Å"prevention† has not yet been defined. After the Spanish War America gained the control over the territories which originally had not been parts of the United States. After the Iraq War, America and its allies gained the control over one of the major exporters of oil. There is a lot of confusion in America regarding the terms of â€Å"preventive war† and â€Å"preemptive war†. The preemptive war is the use of force against the threat of attack which is imminent. The classical example of the preemptive war was the 6 Day War of Israel against Syria, Jordan and Egypt in 1967. The results of that war were rather successful. In the US – Iraq case there was no any direct threat or it is better to say â€Å"proved threat† to the national security of the United States. The preventive war is considered to be an attack against the emerging regimes which may bring real threat to national or global security if they develop their arms further. The major reason of the Iraq war was the economical one. Iraq is very attractive for the United States because of its oil deposits. The United States had to re-evaluate the significance of the preventive war after the Iraq occupation. The basic question which had to be answered but was not what benefits the war brought for the national security of the United States. The mass destruction weapon as it was stated above was not found. The links of Hussein to Al Qaeda were not proved. The economic benefits of the Iraq are clear from the statement of the U.S. Energy Information Agency: Iraq contains 112 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, the second largest in the world (behind Saudi Arabia) along with roughly 220 billion barrels of probable and possible resources. Iraq’s true resource potential may be far greater than this, however, as the country is relatively unexplored due to years of war and sanctions. Deep oil-bearing formations located mainly in the vast Western Desert region, for instance, could yield large additional oil resources, but have not been explored. (U.S. Energy Information Agency) The access to the huge oil deposits of Iraq is the main cause of the US intervention against Iraq. The war in Iraq is very similar to Spanish War. The backgrounds of both wars are purely economic ambitions of the United States.

Culture-Specific Theories and Practices of Management The WritePass Journal

Culture-Specific Theories and Practices of Management Introduction Culture-Specific Theories and Practices of Management IntroductionThe Culture ConceptCulture and Business ManagementSmall vs. large power distance (PDI)Individualism vs. collectivism (IDV)Masculinity vs. femininity (MAS)Weak vs. strong uncertainty avoidance (UAI)Long vs. short term orientation (LTO)ConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction In the prevailing business environment which is marked by high level of competitiveness and a challenging international free market economy, business managers are required to have global cultural understanding skills in addition to their domestic cultural ones alone. Chen and Eastman (1997 p.454) mention: â€Å"despite differences in the level of analysis and standpoints of organizations versus subgroups, both the integration and differentiation perspectives on organizational culture are inadequate to address cultural conflicts associate with demographic diversity.† Considering the importance of cultural understanding in business management, this essay embarks on a quest to understand the characteristics of Chinese culture, which are relevant to management. It will highlight the implications of those characteristics for business managers. The essay will incorporate the author’s reflection upon two videos regarding life in China. The first one is titled â€Å"Shanghai Q uest† by Kim Taylor and the second is â€Å"Man Zou: From Beijing to Shanghai† by Ian Connors Jason Reid The Culture Concept Culture is complex and multi-dimensional. Culture is far too complex to be defined in simple terms (Hall, 1976). Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952) have identified more than 160 different definitions of culture in their study. One of the earliest definition of culture in academia in that of Tylor (1887) who defines it as a â€Å"complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law customs and other capabilities, and habits acquired by a man as a member of a society†.   A recent and widely cited definition is that of Hofstede (1980). He defines culture as â€Å"the interactive aggregate of common characteristics that influence a group’s response to its environment.† He redefined culture as â€Å"the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group or category of people from another†¦..Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values; and values are among the building blocks of culture† (Hofstede, 1984). Culture and Business Management The business culture of a society is not just an outcome of its economic system. More often, it is to the contrary i.e. the economic life is shaped by the cultural foundation of a society.   The videos viewed as part of this work, lead to that conclusion. All the three individuals in the documentary â€Å"Shanghai Quest† were struggling and trying to be successful entrepreneurs in their respective fields of interest in Shanghai, China. Shanghai’s quest towards urbanization and industrialization was an important cultural characteristic of the city that helped them throughout their way in seeking out opportunities. Geert Hofstede, a renowned management thinker was among the first researchers to conclude that culture impacts upon the management styles of different economies. According to Hofstede (1984, 1991), culture can be distinguished by five fundamental dimensions. Hofstede, who was a one-time employee at IBM, conducted a survey of more than 116,000 IBM employees across seventy two different countries spread across different regions in the world. He developed an index ranging from 0-100 for each of his five cultural dimensions in order to measure and compare cultural differences among different nations. His five cultural dimensions are:   power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism, masculine/feminine and long-term versus short-term orientation. Small vs. large power distance (PDI): The extent to which less powerful people accept that power is distributed unequally, that others have more power Individualism vs. collectivism (IDV): Individualism is the tendency of people to look after themselves; collectivism to look after the members of their society in exchange for loyalty Masculinity vs. femininity (MAS): Masculinity: dominant values are success, competition, and money Feminity: dominant values are caring for others Weak vs. strong uncertainty avoidance (UAI): The extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs or institutions to avoid these feelings Long vs. short term orientation (LTO): The extent to which people attach value to their future against their past or their present. Long term oriented cultures give more value to actions and attitudes affecting the future in contrast to the short term oriented cultures.[1] China’s indices for these cultural dimensions are illustrated in the following figure (fig.1). (Source: www.geert-hofstede.com) Small vs. large power distance (PDI) China scores high in power distance index indicating that the country has a high cultural tendency to accept differencees in individuals’ powers within their society. It implies that in China, the respect for elders is widely ingrained in their culture and both the leaders as well as the followers endorse society’s level of inequality. In term of business management, seniority demands respect and obedience. Elders are more likely to become leaders and considered as substantial role models. In doing business with Chinese people, it would be vital to win the confidence of authoritative and significant personals and appease them. While communicating with them, it would be ideal to use specific titles, with a high emphasis on respect and consideration for hierarchy and authority. Individualism vs. collectivism (IDV) On the individualism index, China scores only 20 points indicating the country is highly collectivist. It implies that Chinese people have great consideration for others; they keep the interest of others in mind while doings things and encourage the phenomenon of unity. They believe that groups are primary unit of survival rather than individuals. The connotation ‘we’ is deeply ingrained in their psyche, determining an individual to be in a surrounding which he/she owns and incorporates with. Chinese people tend to do everything collectively. The ‘we’ awareness persists in their workplace and they would be most happy in doing team work and group work. Hofstede (1980) mentions that in societies with a high level of collectivism, people tend to depend emotionally upon their outer circle. In business, themes such as loyalty, community relations, national identity, and family are of great significance. The Chinese collectivism is reflected in the Shanghai Quest video when ‘Benji’ speaks with Chinese fellows in their native language. He is often seen to be positively remarked upon that. The Chinese people value the idea that a foreigner speaks to them in their native language fluently, as for them it reflects a sense of familiarity and unity. Masculinity vs. femininity (MAS) Masculinity index is often seen to correspond with the power distant index. Societies with a high power distance index usually have a higher masculinity index in which more emphasis is towards success, competition and wealth. China, and specially Shanghai, is on a verge of mass industrialization and urbanization. As mentioned in the second video â€Å"Man Zou: From Beijing to Shanghai†, Shanghai is the city that China wants to portray to the entire world as the country’s face due to its contribution to the rapidity of China’s urbanization and industrialization. The forces of urbanization and industrialization incur a higher level of masculinity in the city and overall country’s culture. Weak vs. strong uncertainty avoidance (UAI) In uncertainty avoidance index, China scores a low of 30 points. It implies that Chinese people are generally risk taking people and feel less threatened by ambiguous situations. They are willing to wander in uncharted waters, try new things, and experiment. This is clearly reflected in the case on the three individuals from the first video. One of them is from US, who has also lived in England for 6 years, and Australia for 2 years, before settling in China. He wants to be an American-Chinese pop star and a performing entertainer, having his foot in TV, videos, modeling, commercial etc. He mentions that it is pretty unusual and for the first time that an American wants to be a Chinese singer. It brings an element of uncertainty and risks. The second person portrayed in the videos in from Paris and was raised mostly in Britain and he being all over the world. He wants to be entrepreneur, exporting of the self item to buyers across the globe. The third one is a dancer, who provides hi s services as a party entertainer along with his girlfriend. The provision of opportunities for all these individuals reflects that cultural characteristics of China in accepting new phenomena, changes, versatility, adventuring and experimentation. Chinese people are adapting and entrepreneurial. The commentary of the second videos also coincides with the same view. The commentator mentions that â€Å"China makes you present all the time. It’s a country on a fast track towards urbanization and industrialization. It’s a Place to be. It’s a happening place.† Long vs. short term orientation (LTO) China’s high score on long term orientation index reflects its focus upon persistence and perseverance. In economic terms, it implies that investments and business decisions tend to base on the provision of long term stability and benefits. Their thinking ways focus on either complete or no-confidence rather than on probabilistic views. Conclusion The aforementioned cultural traits have a deep impact upon the Chinese economic system. They also impact upon how Chinese people conduct business in the international arena and how global businesses should engage with them.   Moreover, these cultural dimensions have implications for communication, leadership development, human resource management and decision making processes involving Chinese. References Chen, C. C., W. Eastman (1997). Toward a Civic Culture for Multicultural Organizations. Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, 33,454-470. Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. Doubleday. New York Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill. Hofstede, G. (1980). Cultures consequences:   International differences in work related values. Sage. Newbury Park Hofstede, G. (1984). Cultures consequences:   International differences in work related values (Abridged ed.) CA: Sage. Beverly Hills, Kroeber, A. L and Kluckhohn,C. (1952) Culture: A critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.   Paper of Peobody Museum of American Archeology 47 (1) Tylor, E (1871) Origins of Culture. Harper and Row. NY. [1] These cultural differences are a representation of averages or tendencies and not the precise individual characteristics belonging to a society.

New York City Project Part 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

New York City Project Part 1 - Essay Example Due to lack of adequate money to do it all, the budget reflects the priorities of the city’s elected representatives. And I consider the city council of New York City has a comprehensive plan because that the New York City Charter ("the Charter") vests the responsibility for preparing an annual expense and capital budget with the mayor. The mayor must then submit the expense and capital budget to the City Council for its review and adoption. It shows that the process of making a budget has to be rigorous enough to be implemented (Christine, 2013). Besides, each budget must consist of several parts: the expense budget, which sets forth proposed appropriations for the operating expenditures for municipal services including debt service; the capital budget and program, which sets forth proposed appropriations for capital projects for the ensuing fiscal year and the three succeeding fiscal years; and the revenue budget, which shall set forth the estimated revenues and receipts of the city. In addition, the expense budget is further broken down into a contract budget, which can be viewed as a detailed portion of each agencies' other than personal services expenditures for contractual services that are personal service in nature (Christine, 2013). ... Private employment rose by 9,000 in August 2013 after an increase of 13,000 in July. The unemployment rate rose to 8.6 percent in August from 8.4 percent in July. House market is a significant factor in the New York City’s economy. Some of the most expensive office space in the United States is located in New York City. For example, the world’s third expensive office building-Bank of America tower was value $1 billion in New York City. Department of building’s Fiscal 2014 Preliminary Budget is $93.7 million, which is approximately $2.6 million less than the $96.4 million Fiscal 2013 Adopted Budget (Christine, 2013). This is primarily due to revenue increases from construction related fees. Budgeting Methods Budgeting is a very important management tool in every organization. New York City plays a very important role in the economy of United State. The constitution of United State gives the city council of New York the power to make budget. This budget ensure that the city continue to support the economy. The city is headed by a mayor who manages the city with the assist of a council, which is commonly called city council (Clarke, 1978). The city council of New York uses a master budget in running the activities of the city. The city council uses this approach because it can project all the activities that need a budget allocation. The line items in the master budget include transport expenses, salaries and allowances. The performance of the city’s budget is monitored on monthly bases by its chief financial officer to ensure accountability. The city has various departments such as health, education and waste management (Eltis, 1993). Expenditure is distributed as per the departments'

Industry report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Industry report - Research Paper Example Since then, it has sold a record of over 3000 cars for a short period of time, a fact which has been attributed to its ambitious plans and product launches which have been put into place by the company. The Maserati product also has the convertible type in place which has been confirmed to be the Maserati Levante, the first SUV from Maserati in 2015 and another model named 2+2 which will be rolling out in next year. All these are attempts of the Italian car giant of trying to place a production output cap of 75,000 globally. The racing market has been flooded by many car giants like Subaru, Mitsubishi and Toyota who try to portray themselves as the best ahead of the rest and there was a time when Maserati withdrew from factory racing participation due to Guidizzolo tragedy (A 4.2 L Ferrari travelling at a speed of 250KM/H blew a tire and crashed into the roadside crowd, killing the driver, co-driver and ten spectators including five children) in 1957 which tarnished their name but this did not hinder them from producing cars for privateers. They became more and more focused on building road-going grand tourers which were popular back then. The sporty vehicle is made to impress and with its style, it sure provides the luxury that anyone on this globe entirely needs. Maserati’s main focus of indulging in the racing industry was to provide the best engine and chasis necessary in racing. This was to make them as an easily identifiable lot when it came to car selection. However, with the help of a few factors highlighted here below, one will understand Maserati’s target with ease. In order to face off competition from other car companies, Maserati has rolled a list of its very luxurious machines with an intend of increasing its following globally. These cars include the Maserati Quattroporte which is an amazing sporting luxury saloon, a sixth generation vehicle which was introduced in 2013. However,

Robert Wright's The Moral Animal--polygyny Essay

Robert Wright's The Moral Animal--polygyny - Essay Example This difference doesn’t make any sex better than the other. Rather, this difference is necessary for creating attraction in gender for others. Robert defines the woman to be the sex that makes greater contribution towards the sex cell. Owing to having the larger sex cell, it is more precious in the regard of resources, and hence difficult to find also. Women have the capability of nurturing the reproductive cells within them for 20 times while men have far greater capability to initiate the reproduction in women. The reproductive capability of the females is very small that makes the males to compete very much for it. As males can reproduce with one sperm per woman, they will be eager to get attracted to more females. Due to eagerness of men towards their sexual desires, they tend to marry more than one woman that sets the basis for Polygyny. Men are always on the lookout for infertile cells that are more attractive. After sometime from marriage, they start looking for another woman because their first wife is not attractive in her physical shape anymore. The psychology of females is entirely different. They want the effective meeting with men to produce the valuable genes that can result in offspring. They are not eager for number but for effectiveness rather. Women seek partnership with those males who have greater capability to help them in nurturing the offspring. As a result, you can easily correlate the choice of women to the status of men. Thus the desire for women is to seek the mate that can provide security and greater nurturing to the offspring. According to the Robert Wright, the genetic combination should be decided intelligently after properly analyzing the genetic environment and the status of males. After that, the partners have to choose suitable strategy for their reproduction. What females are interested in is â€Å"Male Parental Investment (MPI)†. The more the value of MPI, the securer the woman will feel

Area Evaluation for District Registered Nurse

Area Evaluation for District Registered Nurse Greenon Local School District Stephanie C Ebbs Wright State University College of Nursing and Health School Nursing The Ohio Department of Health (2014) defines public health nursing as promoting physical and mental health, disease prevention, injury, and disability. The ODH goes on to state public health nursing includes the individual client, family and support system of the client, as well as the community in which the client lives to provide services. Public health services include monitoring health, identifying health problems, educating on health issues, developing partnerships in order to identify and solve problems, developing plans and policies for individuals and communities, providing information on needed personal health services, and evaluating effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based services. (ODH, 2014) Carolynn Agresta is the Greenon Local Schools district registered nurse in Enon, Ohio. Carolynn graduated nursing school from the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio with a bachelor’s degree in September of 1981. Carolynn’s 33 years of experience includes being a nursing school adjunct and working oncology, neuro-surgical, orthopedic, ICU, and home health nursing settings. In 2000 she began working as a school nurse without school nurse licensure. Primarily Carolynn spends her days with the students in grades 7-12. Two assistants generally tend to kindergarten through grade 6. Both assistants have medical experience and have worked for the Greenon Local School district for the past couple of years. Carolynn is responsible for the entire Greenon school district which currently enrolls 1,838 students. Population The Enon, Ohio area is predominately Caucasian with an average age of 48 years of age. A majority of the population (58%) is married. 19% of the population have never married. 12.5% of the population is divorced. 9% are widowed and 2% are separated. Other ethnicities are prevalent in the community, but represent less than 25%. 91% of the Enon community has a high school degree, 28% of the community have a bachelor’s degree, and 13% have a graduate or professional degree. 8.5% of the Enon community is unemployed. Many in the community drive everywhere since a majority of the region is in a rural setting. Crime rates are below the national and state average and are mostly property related. (U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences and Advameg Inc., 2014) Struggles Carolynn faces includes the repercussions of multiple failed levees leaving tough necessary budget cuts on the school district. Teachers have not received a raise for the past three to four years and one of the four buildings open in 2013 has been closed. Carolynn reports the Enon, Ohio population to be many retired individuals who cannot pay any more than they already do for the district. She explained she is sad and happy at the same time for the merging of buildings as she moved from the now closed building into the Grennon Jr/Sr High School building this year. Carolynn states most of the buildings in the Greenon district need replaced and offers a metaphor of budgeting of the school buildings as placing a band-aid over a hemorrhaging wound. The buildings are just not in good enough condition to be continually repaired anymore. She reports pipes burst every winter and ruin the teachers’ classrooms. It forces the teachers to rebuild the classroom and shuffling the students to other rooms while repairs are being made. Many students require medical attention throughout the day at Greenon Jr/Sr High School. Most students come with minor requests of a band-aid for a minor cut, an ice pack, or feeling ill. Carolynn reports five students have Epi-Pens in the locked cabinet in the school nurse office in case of an emergent allergic reaction. One student reports having hypoglycemia and visits the school nurse’s office for a granola bar a few times during the week. One student has severe migraines. Two students are currently being monitored for type two diabetes. Three type one diabetics are present in the high school building and are Carolynn’s admitted biggest worry most days. She advocates independence of diabetic students, takes action during hypo/hyperglycemic episodes, and reports concerns to the student’s parent(s). One student is independent in diabetes management. Two students visit the school nurse’s office daily for diabetes management. One student in particular is poorly controlled and recently reported a hemoglobin (Hgb) A1C score of 13. It is a very poor score indicating the student’s diabetes is out of control. Carolynn shows genuine concern regarding the student’s long-term health. She reaches out to the student’s parents with concerns over constant hyperglycemia episodes. She is constantly helping the student try and understand how to manage carbohydrates in the diet effectively. Fears of amputation, vision and nerve damage, and a shortened life span for the student worries Carolynn. (ADA, 2014) Standards Carolynn must keep up with Ohio department of health (ODH) guidelines, Ohio state laws, HIPAA, and Greenon Local School district rules. Keeping up with compliance is no easy feat. Caring to a continuous steady stream of students needing attention, documenting care, calling parents, updating state required vaccination records of students, and instructing voluntary staff members how to tend to emergencies in her absence requires a lot of time, patience, multi-tasking, and skill. Ohio House Bill 264, safe at school, keeps children with diabetes medically safe at school. The bill allows volunteer school staff to be trained in assisting diabetic children with insulin administration and glucagon in an emergency situation. The safe at school bill also allows children to self-manage their diabetes while at school if able and capable. (ADA, 2014) One student is independent in diabetes management at Greenon. One student requires privacy to inject insulin at lunch time which is why Carolynn bought a divider for the school nurse office. One diabetic student requires a great deal of supervision and monitoring. Another law, House Bill 296 recently passed highly recommending and allowing schools to stock Epi-Pen in case of an emergency on a student not previously identified with anaphylaxis. This law will help save lives of students unaware of severe allergic reactions. House bill 296 also authorizes middle and high school students to carry an epinephrine pen with them at all times (with proper documentation from physician and parents turned into the district school nurse). Greenon Local School district does not currently stock Epi Pens, but eventually will. Carolynn states she wants to apply for a grant or at least investigate how to get the school buildings donated Epi Pens. She states she just has not been able to as of yet since the bill passed in April of 2014. (Legislative Information Systems, 2014) Five students have epinephrine auto injectable pens in the school nurse office. Most of the five students keep another Epi Pen on their person at all times in case of emergency. Students requiring epinephrine pen injection are required to be transported to the hospital and parental contact. No student is required to self-administer the epinephrine and volunteering staff are trained to assist students in case of an anaphylaxis. The Ohio Department of health has requirements of students regarding vaccinations. Polio, MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella), and Varicella (chickenpox) are required vaccinations before children begin kindergarten school. DTaP//DT/Tdap/TD are a required set of vaccinations for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis required before kindergarten and once before entering seventh grade. Every fall Carolynn must document and send letters to parents in order to have the proper documentation for students to remain in school. (ODH, 2014) Carolynn abides by the ODH standards of infection control prevention guidelines. She constantly is hand washing, changing paper bed linen after each student, changing thermometer probe covers with each student, cleans her stethoscope with alcohol before and after use, and never allows students to share ice packs, blood glucose monitors, band-aids, or ace wraps. Carolynn strives to protect herself, students, and staff from infection and illness and maintains high standards for herself in care of students. Care Carolynn provides a non-biased and supportive environment for all students. She listens intently to each student as they come to her office. Students always refer to Carolynn by Mrs. Agresta. She has a 700 dollar a year budget for the school nurse’s office and uses it on food and supplies. She provides free granola bars, juice, water, graham crackers, and fruit snacks to students upon request or diabetic need. Since the Greenon Local School district is public spirituality is limited. She can pray with students and families if requested, but not impede upon spiritual beliefs by federal law. Parents must be contacted to provide non-prescription medication at the school. Carolynn contacts parents daily for cough, cold, and allergy medications for students. Remaining in a supportive attitude and complying with parental wishes regarding care is a necessary component of school nursing. Giving parents an educated report of a student’s condition is required in communicating. Sometimes parents will take the student home to rest with or without recommendation of the Carolynn acting as school nurse. Carolynn is responsible for maintaining privacy in her clinic while caring for students. She requests students wait in the hall outside her office momentarily while she tends to another student. She has a nurturing motherly style approach to each student and treats each student with respect, attentiveness, and compassion as if each student were her own child. Carolynn is a dedicated nurse who tries to provide the best quality care possible in an economically struggling school district. She wishes she had more resources to help. Carolynn does reach out to local area school nurses, the Clark County Combined Health District, and the ODH for help and reference. Carolynn provides training to voluntary staff members on insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine auto-injector pens. She also answers any questions with educated research and provides additional information. She hangs health information in her office and around the school on bulletin boards to keep the student and staff population educated on their health. References Advameg, Inc. (2014). Enon, Ohio Statistics. http://www.citydata.com/city/EnonOhio.html#ixzz3DorjZSUU American Diabetes Association (ADA). (2014). Diabetes, complications, and safe at school. http://www.diabetes.org Legislative Information Systems (2014). House Bill 296 http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/bills.cfm?ID=130_HB_296 Ohio Department of Health (ODH). (2014). Immunization summary for child care, head start, pre-school, and school attendance: ohio. http://www.odh.ohio.gov U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences National Center for Education Statistics. (2014). Greenon Local Schools: Greenon High School. http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1DistrictID=3904623ID=390462302475

Rap is Crap Essay examples -- essays research papers

Rap is Crap â€Å"She ain’t nuttin but a hoochie mama†¦Smackin’ on your lips, put your hands on your hips†¦She ain’t nuttin but a hoochie mama†¦Oh I love those big brown eyes and the way you shake your thighs, acting like you’re so damn cute...† Rap music with lyrics like this play on the radio and in home stereos every day. Rap music pounds messages of sex and violence into the minds of young adults leaving behind their sexist and repetitive influential messages. Music has a very powerful influence on our emotions, moods, and behavior. Rap music influences teenagers negatively by increasing violent attitudes and promoting sexual aggression against women. Very few people would argue the power of music. Mothers use it to rock their babies to sleep. Patriotic hymns can be used at rallies to evoke strong emotions of nationalism. Ballads have been used to incite rebellion. Some governments have viewed music so powerful that they ban it. In white dominated South Africa, centers of African music were destroyed and western music was declared forbidden in China during the Cultural Revolution. Is music powerful enough to incite antisocial and violent behavior? According Johnson, Jackson and Gatto’s study on the deleterious effects of exposure to rap music, subjects in the violent exposure conditions (rap music) expressed greater acceptance of violence. Subjects in the violent exposure condition also reported a higher probability that they would engage in violence (Johnson). Music plays an i...

Marketing Plan Of Toyota Essay

Executive Summary A company of automobiles named Toyota Motor Corporation owned by Australia has a very vast range of cars. There is a part of manufacturing in the industry named as prius car is one of the best hybrid coactions drivers which are best drivers in the environment of today. It also creates a competitive atmosphere between other businesses due to the provision of best  fuel system. In the beginning of the report about the introduction and the background of company is explained. There is a current analysis about the different products, environment and competition of Toyota’s operation. An analysis named as SWOT is conducted to tell about the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of any business and its environment. The objectives and the strategies can be recognized on the bases of these important factors and complicated issues. For the improvement of the product quality, some plans are thought for the finishing of counsel. For the illustration of the position and the perfo rmance of any product, the presented report has different types of graph of company. Introduction In the world ranking of car manufacturing, Toyota Company has a distinct position in manufacturing and distribution. Good performance and presentation of company is due to the well planned system of company. The company gain many alcove of market with the help of many notable features. One cannot explain the whole construction about the operation of the company. It is also considered as monopoly. This company is one biggest company of Car freighting in the world. Especially in DC, s, the strategies of differentiation presents this company as monopolist almost. Along with it, this system also has some features of oligopoly. The presence of squint competitors like GM is also one of the reasons of this fact. Toyota is eager to see the performance of its rivals and want to confirm its leadership through their actions. Toyota Motor Corporation is also manufacturing minivans, passenger vans, diversion and sports automobiles throughout the world. There are 45 manufacturing companies and 12 foundry of Toyota officially attached in Japan. From the year of 2010, this corporation is doing work on its program of deliberately global vision. Policies like good’s recycling and posture of pro-environment are also illustrated by this program. It also has a new idea to give latest and new chances to the markets of Asia by giving them respect. It also has a goal of getting 35% of automobiles by Spout of the newly  established markets. In the markets of Asia, it’s the ides of the Toyota Company to give honor to the different people from different communities. And spout the newly developed markets to have almost 35% of automobiles. There is need of local production of the automobiles for local customization. Toyota has an honor of becoming the first manufacturing organization in the year of 1990. The main focus of Toyota Company for establishing local markets is on Europe, Asia and North America. On the bases of cost efficiencies, Toyota has responded very fast by pass through the regional and trade hurdles. Toyota laid more stress on its reputation and image. In America, the cost of Toyota products is not affordable. But customer depends and trusts on the product of Toyota so it is completing its journey successfully. Toyota Company gain first rank in the year of 2007 as well as in the year of 2008 in the sailing of cars. There are two distinct duties on Toyota. Due to its hybrid products and items, Toyota is going ahead in competition. Although eco-friendly consumers are asking for newly established brands it is the aim of Toyota to produce new models with advance technology. Another opportunity of Toyota is to make unused market for youth. A motivating revolution is introduced by Scion. There are some indicators like product designing, product marketing and credit help will considered as a great chance in future. The large population of china has identified and the purchasing power and business of Toyota increased. In this way it’s easy for china to establish its main office in china. Due to the economic development in South America, it increases the purchase of full size Toyota’s trucks. Full sized SUV of Toyota is demanded increasingly in Middle East. This is the result of appreciation of Toyota. According its efficient export system, Toyota is acting. Among the total 500 companies, Toyota is the 5th best company. In international strategies, Toyota is become successful. There is many strategies made by Toyota. There is a clear concept of production, marketing and supply. The important and compulsory key points of Toyota are its production as well as improvement system. The concepts which make the company strong are Kaizen and new themes of many areas. To establish the chain or link of supply, management of inventory, capabilities of production and planning method there is a system of TPS (Toyota production system). For the domination of Toyota upon all around  the Toyota industry TPS make it powerful. Basically, Toyota was firstly established in Japan and soon spread its root all around the world. There is no doubt about the domination of Toyota all around the world. There are some targets of Toyota like establishment of long term growth, for making the friendly relations with people, society and whole environment. Toyota is also providing the chances of employment in America. To achieve the higher place in international market, mostly common issues like social, economic and cultural give permission to place equity. Strategic Plan and focus For the overall affects for the planning for Toyota, there are three main points for our focus. They are as follows, Mission Statement of the Company Prosperous and developed society with the help of automobiles is the aim of Toyota Corporation. For this purpose, the company is struggling for a developed and growths for long period for harmonize with all the important aspects, the prominent atmosphere, international bargain, homegrown communities and international stake holders. The Goals of the Company The every model which is sold in the market, the company gives offer about the alternation of hybrid. In this way company achieve its goal of sailing 1 million of hybrid automobiles within a year. And company was succeeding by achieving this goal in the year of 2012. In the year of 2011, in six different fields, Toyota Company is improving its plans. The fields are like changes in energy and climate, air quality, substance concerned, resources utilization and recycling and social cooperation. In the decreasing carbon dioxide company is playing vital role. By seeing the values of fuel economy, the company believed in doing combine actions. Core Competencies and Competitive Advantages For getting a better economic sustainable position, company is working with  the help of international market. Company is started to invest in different kinds of strategies so that the company can get its targets with the help of latest technology. Company is full with the experts so they do research on all the aspects which are the fact that keep this company on the top. There is a large network of its distributions which help it to reach on the top. Situation Analysis We can give the credit to internal environment which have the ability of high efficiency and ranking of quality. The companies which are famous in competition, it give them greater importance and top class management. For the understanding the whole position of company, we can use an analysis named SWOT which have the capacity of examine the advantages as well as disadvantages of company. And at last show the full situation of company. SWOT Analysis of Toyota We can refer advantages and disadvantages of any company as its internal factors because these have a large effect on company. On the other hand chances and threats are considered as outside aspects of company. Basic Strengths of Toyota Innovative culture One of the best companies of innovation in the world is Toyota. It has a powerful custom about the innovations which are constant. Kanban, Kaizen, and TQM systems were firstly introduced in world market by Toyota this company also sell hybrid automobiles as well as famous for mass-production. Brand reputation which has the valued about $30 billion The most valued and costly brand of automobile is Toyota. This brand is successful due to its friendly environmentally, durable and safe cars. These automobiles are wholesaled countries that number near about 170 of the world. Industry is considered as a leader in production and sales Lean manufacturing and total quality management are such reforms which are  firstly used by Toyota for the procedure of manufacture. For a shorter duration, company does practice and had a very low manufacturing as well as production cost throughout the world. Many companies try to replicate the system of manufacturing which is used by Toyota but Toyota is still most profitable company throughout the world. Portfolio of a Strong brand Recently, 70 different models of car are sold by Toyota. This become the reason of awareness among people about this brand and also become a source of satisfaction for its clients. Prius and Corolla are the most important models of Toyota. Toyota is the leading green cars development It is the thinking of Toyota Company that today environmental friendly cars become need. In the terms of CO2 emissions and fuel-efficiency for a car consumer become well-aware. And a very few companies can compete with Toyota in sell of hybrid automobiles. In 170 countries of world, in global organization, it has a powerful international rank. In 1997 Toyota’s sells was 131,511 million yen and growth rate was 29.3%. It has an effective image on the bases of quality, environmental friendly and customized range. It is leader of industry in terms of manufacturing and production. With the help of lean approaches of manufacturing like just-in-time manufacturing, quality management etc. In all strong markets like US, China and EMEA Toyota is become 2nd largest producing company of automobiles. It has a diversified range of production. There are highly targeted markets. Company is producing vehicles for public as well as private customers. For fulfilling the needs of clients, company s using different marketing techniques. It is the brand which is also said as household brand. Weaknesses of Toyota Large-scale recalls For the last few decades, Toyota is a large-scale automobiles industry. In the years of 2009-2010 company sell 9 million cars and in the year of 2010 its sell reached at 7.43 million. Such recall may cause for affecting the  company financially and also affect its brands. Toyota has a low presence in the weak market Toyota’s major markets are in US, Europe and Japan, and it also establishing it’s a branch in china and India. But there are small percentage total sales of Toyota in India and China. In China, Toyota finds it difficult to compete with General Motors because of the poor automobiles in China. GM has large shares. Opportunities of Toyota Positive attitude towards â€Å"green† vehicles. Users of Toyota are well aware of the air contamination created by the cars. The carbon dioxide is emitted in large quantities which create intensity in the greenhouse which are causing all these kind of pollution. So consumer become conscious and wants to buy cars like hybrid and electric cars because these cars reduce CO2. Increasing fuel prices. Due to the high price of fuel, Toyota is shifting to efficient cars instead of hybrid cars. The needs of the people are changing Toyota satisfies different changing needs and tastes of people by offering new models and have an access over a wide group of customers Acquisition and growth   In the past, Toyota has succeeded in acquiring other companies and has grown new assets skills and also had access to the new market. Innovation It is the company which firstly produces marketable mass and hybrid gas electric vehicles such as Prius model. It is built on the R&D and innovative technologies. Due to rise in fuel prices, clients are looking for any other source for fewer prices and guzzling cars. New models of Toyota i.e. Aygo model by Toyota is for the aggressions of segmentation. Toyota doesn’t want to take a share in youth market. Production of fuel efficient cars is beneficial; they have fewer effects on environment. For producing new cars for social and institutional demands, the cars like electric cars and hybrid fuels have the impacts on setting. Toyota’s (Eco-VAS) becomes helpful in the procedure of construction, usage and discarding as well. In the fresh markets similar to India, Russia and china there is global increase continuously due to high population and demand. Threats of Toyota Falling fuel prices Because of the mining of more shale gas, it is clearly seen that in future fuel prices will drop. This is the reason that there is less attraction of consumers towards fuel-efficient hybrid and electric cars. These are main group for Prius model of Toyota. New standards for emission Presented by govt. these innovative and latest emissions become clearer engine for investment we can say that if there is more investment then Toyota’s profit becomes less. Rising raw material prices. For any automobile company the rise in the raw material price is very essential for manufacturing of automobiles. Higher price leads to higher cost and less profit is the main ingredient for raw material of Toyota. 1. Intense competition. In any type of business, competition always takes place. Same case is with Toyota. Volkswagen group and GM are always big rivals for Toyota. 2. Natural disasters.   In Japan, Thailand, China and Indonesia there is the facility of manufacturing by Toyota. All the countries are the subjects for all types of natural calamities which can disturb the Toyota’s amount of sell. 3. Appreciating yen exchange rate. Foreign countries are the big source of Toyota’s revenues. All the profit is converted in yen. And the profit of Toyota becomes less due to exchange rate of appreciating yen. Car Industry Analysis For creating a competitive environment in industry, company can put its advantages and chances. Usually, for the wide presence in international market, product line is really useful. By entering in the newly established markets like china and Europe, one can get it also. If we notice the previous history, Toyota took more attention on the markets such as Japan and America, but there is a need of making more plans. Sustainable development is achieved by Toyota cooperation. For the harmful effects of  global warming and fossil fuels, Toyota has a market named as Toyota’s hybrid. This technology can also be helpful for company to sell it to other firms. Toyota Company analysis In the exportation of cars, in the creation of automobiles, best quality and achieving its target, Toyota Company is one of the best companies of world the company give the best return of people’s money in the form of best quality car and make the client luxurious .they always try to give the best value of the money of their clients instead of their rival companies. So, this is one of the big reason for Toyota as a good company in DC, s. This company always tries to achieve sustainable growth and decreasing the pollution from this earth. Customer Analysis Customers of Toyota are rich, poor and diverse. They lived all around the world. Toyota always tries to keep in mind the demands and range of all type of clients belongs to upper as well as lower class. They have all types of automobiles like small sport car, big family automobiles, trucks and vans also. Toyota has the customers from different age groups, areas, incomes, social as well as cultural class. For the satisfaction of their wants, people go to Toyota. There are also vehicles for low income people according to their range as well as size. Independent and aloof people have also verity of cars accord to their need. Many organizations also want a vehicle for giving the facility of convene to their employees. So, this is the case in which the purchaser of the product is not the user of that product. There is enlargement in the exposure of a product when any person buys any product of company. Companies awake awareness among the people about the product through ads, newsletters, websites, and other sources of information. Books and seminars also provide the chance to Toyota for earn income. Where People Purchase There is a vast network of retailers throughout the world and Toyota sale its products with the help of it. There are some specific models of automobiles  which a customer can buy directly from the Toyota factories. Toyota also gives the facility to its customers by giving them opportunity of online shopping. Most of the advertising activities are also done online. Online shopping and ads keep the papers away from wasting and client can easily buy any automobile easily. There is also a toll-free number of Toyota for direct contact. So customers from all across the world can easily access to the all kind of production of company. When People Purchase Anyone can buy the company’s product in the whole year. Except some models, all the other cars are available on Toyota company whole year. Driving licence is compulsory for buying a car in many countries. Some people want to buy a new car as old one is not able to use or want to try a new model. Why do People Purchase? Due to unique and special nature of Toyota, customer prefers it on other companies. Cars meet all the needs of the clients offered by Toyota. Company want to maintain its standard. The company offer fewer amounts than others. Toyota also takes great care about the safety of driver. When green light turned on, there is a distinct call to driver to alert him .new hybrid product also have the facility of buying and changing the car. Why Potential Customers Don’t Purchase According to the census of Toyota there is large amount of potential people who don’t want to buy a car. Company is filled like the people like this. Nowadays there is a large amount of automobile industries. Some people reject the car for no significant reason. This is due to the reason of class, social status, like and dislike .there is no high requirements of Toyota. So the clients are free to buy car from rivals. Business environment Business environment is made by two words i.e. business and environment. In economic view, all the actions or activities done by the person for earning profit, buying of goods are known as business. Surrounding of us is known as environment. So, we come to know that the conditions of nature, which one cannot control like famines, floods, and economic, social and natural affects, are known as business environment. There are two parts of business environment which are internal and external environment. Internal environment This type of environment based upon the company’s basic elements. Important and vital requirements of internal structure are skilled staff, policies and relations with humans. We can have the example of Toyota. There is strong relationship, skilled staff; experienced specialists show the internal environment. External environment All the actions about trade are taken under the external environment. Technological, political and legal factors affect it. there are also two sub division of the external environment. They are macro and micro. Micro environment: the successfulness of any market depends upon tit communication and transportation with its clients. Top level of managing, departments of finance, research, and channel partners are the forces which have the ability to affect the company. Macro environment: -in 2000 company of Toyota felt the changes occurred by the macro environment. The company Toyota takes full benefits of producing the first hybrid vehicle named Toyota Prius. Five Forces Analysis In the operating industry, there are five Porter’s forces which are organized for forcing the company. The business will not be attractive if profit  becomes low. New entrant’s threats, rival’s threats and substitute products threats are the three such forces which affect our analysis. Toyota also started its business in US market. When Toyota Company started business in US it has 95% shares and produces only three types of cars. Japanese market was 100 times smaller than the market of US. There is strong and high position of US in market. Toyota, Honda and Nissan are three different types of automobiles of Japanese company. These companies took 4 decades for establishing themselves in the international market. Bargaining power of suppliers Weak buyers can make problems regarding the product. In US and Japan the company is doing hard work for establishment. And want to start business of automobile here. The supply of class material is supplied from a big network. In the term of company it explores the weakness of customers. Due to labor and raw material, the company is earning profit. Entry There are many hurdles like economic, financial, social and governmental. After World War 2, the laws about the ministry and trade were not in favor of Toyota. At that time there were no hurdles for US in exporting. The low business was an open advantage for Japanese companies. For efficient sale, new entry of shares is required. Buyers’ Bargaining Power The manufacturing companies in US have the ability of vertical integration as they were enjoying the power of it. The supply companies are companies of manufacturing. We take the example of molar. That is supplying parts of motors. But in Japan companies which supply parts of motors has a share in the administration. It is totally different from US. The dealers were fragment in both countries. Toyota purchase large amount from parts companies. By the right of information from internet, user bargain. Substitute products threats In U.S. and Japan, there is transportation system. The value of special amount is high due to its close substitute. Rivalry Competition between rivals in the production of car is very complex. Although the output of the market was very low but it was enlarging day by day. From the year of 1970, there is tough competition between rival companies there is rivalry on price as well as on other things. In price competition the price of product included and in non-price competition there is marginal as well as fixed cost are added. Competition call also is increased through differentiation opportunity. One basic thing of increasing rivalry between all the companies is the manufacturing of cars, truck, and SUV’s.

Diplmacy

Aide Memoire Professor: Dr. Awalou Ouedraogo Diplomacy Brazil has become an emerging superpower in terms of its economic power as well as its participation in the international community. The consolidation of its strong economy has allowed Brazil to take part in conflict resolution around the world. Brazil intends to spread its own emblem of order and progress throughout the world, and is committed to establish peace and encourage human development. Brazil is the largest country in South America, covering approximately half of the total surface area of the subcontinent which places them in a very strategic and prominent place in the region.It shares borders with every other South American country except Chile and Ecuador. This has allowed Brazil to create important alliances and enjoy good relations with most of its neighbours. Brazil is also home of the Amazon forest which is considered to be the ‘lungs’ of the planet, as well as an important place where diversity of fa una and flora coexist (Note on the Political and Economic Situation of Brazil, 4). Brazil’s population also plays an important aspect in the international arena; it ranks fifth in the world in terms of its population with over 186 million people.Slavery was abolished in 1888, which over time a further blurred racial lines; Brazil is a mixture of races and ethnicities, resulting in rich diversity. Approximately 80% of its population is Roman Catholic. Despite the mixing of ethnicities; there is a class system in Brazil. Thus, there is a great disparity in wage differentials–and therefore lifestyle and social aspirations among the different classes (Brazilian Culture, Family, and Its Ethnic-Cultural Variety, 193). On the other hand, Brazil’s current economic situation is at its best.Today most of the world is consumed in debt and dealing with high levels of unemployment; Brazil instead is trying to see how to manage its economic boom. It was the last country to en ter the great recession and the first to leave it. It is positioned to overtake France and Britain as the fifth global economy. According to the International Monetary Fund website, Brazil is the largest economy in Latin America the second largest on the continent, behind the United States, the sixth largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and the seventh largest in terms of purchasing power parity.With most of the world’s economies stagnant Brazil’s economy has grown by 7%, three times faster than America. It has the most sophisticated biofuels in the world, 80% of its electricity comes from hydro power. Brazil is also the biggest mining iron producer in the world and the world’s leading exporter of coffee, orange juice, tobacco, soy and beef. Most of these commodities are exported to China which has replaced the US as their leading trade partner (Reportagem da tv Americana). It is not the only commodities that Brazil makes; it also has developed its econom ic sectors and increases its exports in aircrafts, electronics and automobiles.Although, Brazil enjoys a modern economy that is very strong and competitive, it still has serious socio-economical problems in terms of poverty within its population. There is a huge gap between the rich and the poor. Brazil is a social state organized as a unitary republic, decentralized, with autonomous territorial entities, democratic, participatory and pluralistic society based on respect for human dignity, work and solidarity of the people who make up and the prevalence of general interest.The federal capital is Brasilia, while the most important cities are Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Brazil is made up of 26 states; the president is the head of the executive and is selected by direct universal suffrage for a term of fours years. It has the classical division of power which is the executive, legislative, and judicial that is officially established by the constitution (Note on the Political and Econ omic Situation of Brazil, 6).The Brazilian government is committed to protecting human rights; their principle human rights concern includes police violence and impunity. Also, the discrimination against indigenous and landless people, human trafficking, torture and working conditions with relative impunity for those involved (Foreign and Common Wealth website). The current president Dilma has made improvements in domestic human rights a priority of her leadership. Brazil’s foreign policy is to be as a key player on the world stage; its efforts for the integration of Latin America have been tremendous.Since the creation of Mercosur, Brazil has intended to be the driving force in South America consolidating free trade agreements in the region and coordinating negotiations for the emancipation of Latin America. Under both Presidents Lula and Dilma, Brazil has been particularly active in its engagement with other emerging powers, particularly India, South Africa, China and Russi a. The combination of Brazil, India and South Africa have established a more formal grouping, called the G3 or IBSA, and co-ordinate activity across various areas.The three countries have come together in order to exert greater pressure at the WTO negotiations, a move which has upset the United States. Through its role as a leader within Latin America, Brazil has encouraged closer co-operation between the region and the Middle East (Foreign and Common Wealth website). Brazil supports reform of the United Nations, both the Security Council and more widely. Moreover, Brazil has put itself forward as a candidate for a permanent seat in an enlarged Security Council and has the stated support of a significant number of countries.Thus, in the case of Palestine in which Brazil has made important measures that would help the country to gain its recognition as state in the United Nations. Brazil has consistently spoken in favour of a ceasefire, and against mutual hostility between Israelis a nd Palestinians. Brazil has specifically related to advancing the path of national independence for the Palestinians and security for the Israelis. We can actually even go back to the Montevideo Rights and Duties of the State, and find how ‘the political existence of the state is independent of recognition by the other states.Even before recognition the state has the right to defend its integrity and independence, to provide for its conservation and prosperity, and consequently to organize itself as it sees fit, to legislate upon its interests, administer its services, and to define the jurisdiction and competence of its courts’ (Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties). Article 3 clearly states the position the conference on American states would adopt. Paradoxically, some countries have not obeyed this approach taken by the majority of nations that bind this agreement.The Brazilian interest is to bring peace to this conflict and achieve concrete progress in buildin g the Palestinian State. On the website of the Ministry of International Affairs, Brazil with the support of some other countries states how the Brazilian Palestinian National Interest Committee continues to promote Brazil as key for Palestinian-Israeli peace, and promote Brazil's interests in the Middle East by urging its members to maintain contact with Members of Congress, to adopt resolutions to help in restoring the peace rocess and thus resolve the humanitarian situation in order to avoid future conflicts in the region, and to support important initiatives that would lead to the creation of a Palestinian State (Ministerio Das Relacoes Exteriores website). In it, Brazil also states the Mercosur-Palestine Free Trade Agreement signed on 20 December 2011 in Montevideo. The Mercosur-Palestine Free Trade Agreement contains the following chapters: trade in goods; rules of origin; bilateral safeguards; technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures;  as well a s its agreement to open markets for goods.The launch trade negotiations with the Palestinians comes less than two weeks after Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay announced the recognition of a Palestinian state based on 1967 borders (Nanduti Noticias website). Finally, the resolutions made by the Brazilian Palestinian National Interest Committee made a list of the issues that must be resolved, 1. Israeli Government must cease military raids in the West Bank and Gaza. 2. Dismantling of all settlements in the West Bank. 3. Democratically elected officials are recognized. 4. Dismantling of the wall. 5. Providing Palestinians free unrestricted travel in their municipality. . Strengthening of Palestinian security forces and intelligence. 7. UNSC backing for Brazil to start leading efforts, working together with India, South Africa and the international community, to support Palestinian Government institutions in providing security for its nationals along with securing the borders with the Stat e of Israel. 8. Allowing Palestinians to control their airspace, territorial waters, and land passages between the West Bank and Gaza. 9. Resolving the Palestinian refugee issue as part of any final status agreement (Ministerio Das Relacoes Exteriores website). References 1- Neves , Pedro. On the Political and Economic Situation of Brazil. † Directorate-General for External Policies of the Directorate B -Policy Department-. (2007): 397-081. <https://docs. google. com/viewer? a=v&q=cache:jcuqvwT_ZRsJ:www. europarl. europa. eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/nt/692/692067/692067en. pdf economic, political and social situation of brazil&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj5pBjjn Vkc0u7wIo1paZ9DdS6Kh4Ws0aaZV_ok__9hpcHWbdOzuRA2zWAHmTYDI32EQLomVU8OhHoSVJ6CEfZHBgXUAJyePf59cAFEEfvreX3PPSzp3s1tRH0cKaF7xDCYiexY&sig=AHIEtbRmo3aDE1xJY_1QBjZQLAIZwR9qUQ>. 2- Torres, Claudio V. , and Maria Auxiliadora Dessen. Brazilian culture, Family and its Ethnic- Cultural Variety. † Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies. 12. (2008): 189-202. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. ;lt;http://www. jstor. org/stable/20641909? seq=5;amp;Search=yes;amp;searchText=political,;amp;searchText=social;amp;searchText=economical;amp;searchText=situation;amp;searchText=brasil;amp;list=hide;amp;searchUri=/action/doBasicResults? la=;amp;wc=on;amp;acc=on;amp;gw=jtx;amp;Query=brasil+political%2C+economical+and+social+situation;amp;sbq=brasil+political%2C+economical+and+social+situation;amp;prq=recognition+palestinian+state;amp;si=1;amp;jtxsi=1;amp;jcpsi=1;amp;artsi=1;amp;so=new;amp;Go. =6;amp;Go. y=20;amp;Go=Go;amp;hp=25;amp;prevSearch=;amp;item=6;amp;ttl=234;amp;returnArticleService=showFullText;amp;resultsServiceName=null;gt;. 3- 60 Minutes. 2011. Photograph. CBS, Brazil. Web. ;lt;http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=DMM7OJ_Kj9I;gt;. 4- . â€Å"Acordo de Livre Comercio Mercosul-Palestina – Montevideu, 20 de dezembro de 2011. † Ministerio Das Relacoes Exteriores. Minister io Do Brasil, 20/12/2011. Web. 19 Jan 2012. ;lt;http://www. itamaraty. gov. br/;gt;. 5- Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 1933. PDF document

Effects of the American Revolution on Britain

Effects of the American Revolution on Britain American success in the Revolutionary War created a new nation, while British failure tore away part of the empire. Such consequences were inevitably going to have impacts, but historians debate their extent compared with those of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, which would test Britain soon after their American experience. Modern readers might expect Britain to have suffered greatly as a result of losing the war, but its possible to argue that the hostilities were survived so well that Britain could fight a very long war against Napoleon soon after. Financial Effect Britain spent a huge amount of money fighting the Revolutionary War, sending the national debt soaring and creating a yearly interest of nearly 10 million pounds. Taxes had to be raised as a result. The trade that Britain had relied on for wealth was severely interrupted. Imports and exports experienced large drops and the following recession caused stocks and land prices to plummet. Trade was also affected by naval attacks from Britain’s enemies, and thousands of merchant ships were captured. On the other hand, wartime industries, such as the naval suppliers and the part of the textile industry that made uniforms, experienced a boost. Unemployment fell as Britain struggled to find enough men for the army, which caused them to hire German soldiers. British privateers experienced as much success preying on enemy merchant ships as almost any of their opponents. The effects on trade were short term. British trade with the new USA rose to the same level as trade with the colonies by 1785, and by 1792 trade between Britain and Europe had doubled. Additionally, while Britain gained an even larger national debt, it was in a position to live with it, and there were no financially motivated rebellions like those in France. Indeed, Britain was able to support several armies during the Napoleonic wars and field its own instead of paying for other people. Its been said that Britain actually prospered from losing the war. Effect on Ireland Many in Ireland opposed British rule and saw the American Revolution as a lesson to be followed and a set of brothers fighting against Britain. While Ireland had a parliament, only Protestants voted for it and the British could control it, which was far from ideal. Campaigners for reform in Ireland reacted to the struggle in America by organizing groups of armed volunteers and a boycott of British imports. The British were afraid a full-blown revolution would emerge in Ireland  and made concessions. Britain relaxed its trade restrictions on Ireland, so they could trade with British colonies and freely export wool, and reformed the government by allowing non-Anglicans to hold public office. They repealed the Irish Declaratory Act, which had secured Irelands dependence on Britain while granting full legislative independence. The result was that Ireland remained part of the British Empire. Political Effect A government that can survive a failed war without pressure is rare, and Britains failure in the American Revolution led to demands for constitutional reform. The hardcore of government was criticized for the way it had run the war and for the apparent power it had, with fears that Parliament had ceased to represent the views of the people- except for the wealthy- and was simply approving everything the government did. Petitions flooded from the Association Movement demanding a pruning of the king’s government, the expansion of voting, and a redrawing of the electoral map. Some even demanded universal manhood suffrage. The Association Movement had huge power around early 1780, and it achieved widespread support. That did not last long. In June 1780 the Gordon Riots paralyzed London for almost a week with destruction and murder. While the cause of the riots was religious, landowners and moderates were frightened away from supporting more reform and the Association Movement declined. Political machinations throughout the early 1780s also produced a government with little inclination for constitutional reform. The moment passed. Diplomatic and Imperial Effect Britain may have lost 13 colonies in America, but it retained Canada and land in the Caribbean, Africa, and India. It began to expand in these regions, building what has been called the Second British Empire, which eventually became the largest dominion in world history. Britain’s role in Europe was not diminished, its diplomatic power was soon restored, and it was able to play a key role in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars despite the loss across the sea.

Test Motif in the Biblical Story of Adam and Eve Essay

Test Motif in the Biblical Story of Adam and Eve - Essay Example The book ‘Genesis 2’ opens with an event where the God is fashioning a man from the dust and sand and blowing air into his nostrils. Thus, the first man on earth is created and the great story of evolution begins on the paradigm of theology. Adam and Eve evidently pass through a test that is framed on the paradigm of temptation. God actually tried to test the capacity of self-control and self-restrain operating within man. This is the reason he frames the â€Å"forbidden fruit or the fruit of the knowledge and good and evil† and the serpent act as a provocation motif for the first man and the woman. Falling a prey on the hands of the provocation brought by the serpent, the first man, Adam and the first woman, Eve taste the forbidden fruit which apparently might seem a bad choice cause they were already aware about the punishment which could be entitled upon them for going against the will of God. Yet they choose it, which proves that the seed of inquisitive instin ct is primitive among men and for that they can even undergo fret and pain. Initially the characters fail to pass the test as they already lose their Garden of Eden and get ready for facing the pain, cruelty and all other complexities of life but the event at a greater realm, hints that the fallen couple of Adam and Eve are ultimate winners because they are the real fighters who survive the struggle for the rest of their life. Contribution of Plot Character and Setting in the Overall Artistry of the Narrative

European Union (EU) Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

European Union (EU) Law - Essay Example Through proceedings, ECJ judges became deeply interested to take actions against conflicts creating depression for the transnational actors and other individuals who could claim that their rights under the Treaty of Rome were being violated by existing national law or administrative practice against national legal regimes and those actors, public and private, advantaged by national rules and practices 1. The ECJ is considered to be the most accurate jurisprudent body throughout the European community. So, there is no doubt that ECJ delegation in interpreting the treaties thereby ensuring that EU law is applied correctly in the member states is wrong. Similarly the European Parliament (EP) enjoys delegated powers in the legislative process through which EU policy is created, in the budgetary process through which the EU budget is shaped and adopted, under the control and supervision of the Commission. The empirical analysis demonstrates that the ECJ being a supranational institution have played an independent role in the development of a European enforcement system that is more constraining than national governments ever intended. Dissatisfied with existing means of enforcement at the European level and with governments' reluctance to delegate more powerful instruments, the ECJ and the Commission independently created and perfected a system of decentralized supervision, whereby individuals and national courts are engaged to monitor and enforce state compliance. This system of decentralized supervision is now an integral part of European governance which has influenced the course of European integration, not only by introducing new issues to the policy agenda, as is often argued, but also by securing a higher degree of compliance with the policy decisions that indeed are taken. What can one expect from close observation of such a system in which market integration has become the principle of ECJ policy-making as a result of non-majoritarian decisions taking into account only the contribution of Member States, for example, judicial law-making and Commission decisions. The best example is the implementation of such policies, which have been inclusive without much political attention, through interventions of the European Commission against infringements of Treaty obligations, and through the decisions that goes only in favour of the Member States with initial cooperation of the ECJ2. The doctrines of 'direct effect' and 'supremacy' have brought about the 'constitutionalization' in the ECJ law in the form of unseen competition and that even between individual stakeholders and Member States 3. It is considered those stakeholders' contribution matters the same way in policies implementation as that of Member States, however this is not the case. The ECJ along with the help of Commission has collectively sought out to shift the gravity in EU enforcement toward greater reliance on decentralized supervision through national courts. Exploiting its judicial independence and the absence of intrusive government control, it is said that the ECJ has strengthened the remedies available to individuals. ECJ has created a legal order in which individuals uphold the same rights as the Member States. However, the critical